CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Highest on the list of prime value for Maiduguri a town in Bornu
state, Nigeria, is peace. Peace is the most valuable public commodity, yet the
most elusive (Francis David, 2006). These four years (2009-2014) of Insurgency
has brought loss of lives and halted economic activities in various parts of
Maiduguri. The activities of bokoharam have brought devastating effects on
Maiduguri which has resulted in loss of lives both human and livestock,
suffering, destruction of infrastructures and public/private facilities,
disruption of economic/socio-economic activities like agricultural, trade etc.
This situation has threatened not only the internal peace and security of
Maiduguri but also the peace in Nigeria and beyond. So alarming is the fact
that most of these areas affected by insurgency lack the will to stop this social
charade and have fallen prey to continuous usury and subtle manipulation by
politicians who take advantage of this situation to involve in shady deals like
kidnapping and arm deals using insurgency as a cover (Chiedu, 2013). Peace
building has therefore become the most pressing challenge faced by Nigeria at
large and Maiduguri in particular. This situation is so partly because of
feudal system of leadership which encourages total submission to authority
without question which carries with it, ineffective terror control means.
Despite the effort of government through its institutions like the
armed forces, religious bodies, NGOs etc, to curb the excesses of insurgence in
Maiduguri, peace has continued to elude her and sustainable development,
stopped. On that note, this project will seek to show the role of NGOs in peace
building in Maiduguri.Governmental Organizations
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Although insurgency is not easily defined, it may be said to be
the use of force, usually violent, as a means of coercing a target population
to submit to the will of the terrorists (Asika,4:2009). Insurgency is intended
to elicit or maximise fear and publicity, making no distinction as to
combatants and non combatants in a conflict.
There is no legally agreed upon definition of the term
‘Insurgency’, but a recent United Nations (UN) document describes it as any
‘act which is intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or
non combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government
or an international organisation to do or abstain from doing any act’. The word
‘Insurgency’ is both emotionally and politically laden, particularly as it
imports issues of national liberation and self-determination. Insurgency takes
many forms, including political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic,
religious and ecological issues. The taxonomy of Insurgency, including
precipitating motivations and considerations, is now a subject of intense
study. Whether the one as seen in Maiduguri can be reduced to a type may be an
interesting subject, but for purposes of this work, the primary concern is the
threat of insurgency. Insurgency is one objective of organised terrorism, just
as terrorism is one of several strategies of insurgency. Both terrorism and
insurgency may be used by states in their internal operations. Terrorism and
terrorist tactics constitute part of the strategies and tactics of insurgency.
The operational tactics are essentially those of guerilla warfare. The object
is to intimidate, frustrate and raise the feeling of uncertainty, imminent
danger and the loss of hope, so as to cripple or limit all aspects of human
activity and normal livelihoods. Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, MEND and, lately,
Jama’atu Ahlissunnah Lidda’anati Wal Jihad, are currently international and
local Nigerian examples of terrorist networks. Until recently, Nigerian
terrorist activity was thought to be motivated by ethnocentric considerations.
Currently, there appears to be a pronounced religious content in the character
of insurgency in Maiduguri. A few of the earlier experiences merit examination
here, as a guide in estimating the character, trend and intensity of the
current campaign, as well as the role of NGOs in peace building in Maiduguri.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Previous research works on the role of NGOs in peace building in
Insurgency affected areas especially Maiduguri shows that there is no
government that can take on single handily, the weight of peace building in
form of aid. Among the various actors that participate in these processes are
the nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), which fulfil a pivotal role in terms
of establishing and maintaining essential services like assisting refugees and
internally displaced populations and helping to strengthen societies.
Governmental Organizations
NGOs increasingly work “in the field,” providing humanitarian
relief and development assistance in post terror places like Maiduguri. As they
carry out their work, they face many serious problems. Insurgency often deny
them access to those in need, terrorist groups demand payoffs, and local
violence threatens the safety and even the lives of field personnel. Donors
also subject these NGOs to political pressure, diminishing their neutrality.
Nongovernmental Organizations face a lot of challenges in the discharge of
their duties often caused by Insurgent activities. They are faced with the
dilemma; should they negotiate with terrorists to deliver aid, or should they
maintain independence and impartiality. Some Nigerian agencies like WACOL
operate only through local partners because they cannot negotiate with
terrorist-affiliated groups. Red Cross has resorted to having armed escorts and
allow Movement for Peace in Maiduguri (MFPIM) and Africa Awake to supervise the
aid distribution. Although impartiality is valuable for the long term operation
in Maiduguri, humanitarian aid agencies feel they are forced to compromise
these principles in an effort to gain aid access according Osueke (2006)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
With the spate at which insurgence has dealt a heavy blow on
Maiduguri, economically, socially and otherwise, this research work will seek
to highlight challenges of insurgency. Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs),
the role of NGOs in peace building in Maiduguri and the way
forward.Governmental Organizations
So as to achieve the purpose of this research the following will
be looked into:
To assess the role of NGOs in Peace Building.
To examine the effectiveness of NGOs in the peace building in
restive areas in the North East.
To identify the way forward for NGOs in the peace building
campaign.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
So as to achieve the objectives stated above, the following
research questions were used as a guide in achieving the objectives of this
research work:
What are the roles of NGOs in peace building?
How effective have NGOs been in peace building in Maiduguri?
What is the way forward for NGOs in the peace building campaign?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
To solve the problems mentioned in the research questions, the
following hypothesis are formulated:
Ho: NGOs are not effective in the peace building campaign
H1: NGOs are not effective in the peace building campaign
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
One of the benefits of this research work is to researchers and
academics. It will be of tremendous help to governments and their agencies in
tackling insurgency and the challenges that comes with it.
The findings and recommendations of the researcher will help bring
to the fore the role of Nongovernmental Organizations in peace building coupled
with limitations to their work.
It will also be readily available for international organizations
that may need insight into what it is like for NGOs working in Maiduguri.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work focuses solely on the role of Nongovernmental
Organization in peace building in Maiduguri. It also touched the challenges of
Insurgency and how it affects the work of NGOs.
Based on the findings of this study, another research area touched
is Peace building.Governmental Organizations
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
This research work was carried out under a tight schedule. The
time frame was short in between lectures and private studies.Governmental
Organizations
Another limitation faced by the researcher was delay in data
collection from the various respondents. Most respondents were too busy to fill
up the questionnaires due to their work schedule. This almost delayed the work.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Insurgency: An insurgency is a rebellion against a constituted
authority (for example, an authority recognized as such by the United Nations)
when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents
Peace Building: Peace building is a process that facilitates the
establishment of durable peace and tries to prevent the recurrence of violence
by addressing root causes and effects of conflict through reconciliation,
institution building, and political as well as economic transformation.
NGO: Non Governmental Organizations
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