INTRODUCTION
This section shall examineat length the meaning of the effect of
work environmentand some selected theories of work environment. Also brief
attention will be given to the application of the various existing theories in
respect of the Nigeria work environment. Over the years, theories has made
series of attempt to unravel the mystery surrounding why people tend to display
certain behaviour in a given condition, they believe that every behaviour
manifested in the work place or otherwise is a goal directed. Work environment
entails its buildings, its furniture, and layout as well as the physical
condition under which employee operate. This brings us to the definition of
environment.
Kochan (1980) considers environment in the following context,
economic context, and social and technology context. It could be looked at as
the surrounding of all situation, people event etc that influence life. Thus,
people who are working in a good environment exert greater effort to perform
than those who work in an unhealthy environment. However, this definition above
as related to the following theorist tells us more about work environment.
2.2 TYPES OF WORK ENVIRONMENT
Work environment are grouped into two; the internal environment
and the external environment.
THE EXTERNAL WORK ENVIRONMENT
Molokwu (1993) see external work environment as a result of
factors such as custom and laws of the community within which the business
operate, weather condition, policies etc outside the work environment.
Kochan (1980) was of the opinion that external work environment
are exhaustively discussed as under the following environment contexts such as
economic context, public, policy context, etc.
THE INTERNAL WORK ENVIRONEMNT
Internal work environment is seen as the surroundings such as
things concerned with the operation. Molokwu (1993) on his own view that
internal work environment consist of the buildings, furnitures, layout, as well
as the physical conditions under which employees operate.
2.3 GENERAL EFFECT OF WORK ENVIRONMENT
The environment has many effects and opined by the following
theorists, Gnaft (1964) comments on the effect of work environment, in his
write up he stated that environmental factors contributes to employees
productivity, quality output, level of wastage and rate of turnover. He further
postulated that unhealthy depressing and unsafe work environment leads to job
dissatisfaction and eventually low productivity. He went further to mention
that when an office is grossly deficient in stimulation, the resultant effects
are absenteeism, lateness, wastage of resources, disobedience and many other
negative attitudes.
Hicks (1974), opined that poor working environment expose
employees to injuries, discomfort and helps to reduce productivity, therefore
an organization has to provide a conducive environment that will protect them
under emergency conditions.
Flippo (1993), postulated that the physical environment is our
greatest material resource without relatively clean air, pure or clean water
and hygienic surroundings, people become unfit to work and for living. He
further stated that air is not polluted and that safety of employees must be
protected for higher productivity by ensuring that air is not polluted and
that the physical environment should be devoid of any injury or threat to the
life of workers.
Hicks (1974) Discussed that an organization does not exist in a
vacuum, it exist in him, there is nothing a worker can do without the
environment being friendly and conducive. As a result of this, all efforts
should be geared towards providing those conditions like enough space, good
ventilated office, adequate light and other materials that will enhance the
productivity of the employees.
Oliver (1975), in his own contribution stated that an unsafe
physical condition gives rise to accident of which employees are bound to
sustain injuries in thier working place. Unsafe equipment and tools, polluted
air with toxic substance, poor ventilation and inadequate personal protective
equipment pose a great danger to the health and life of employee. These things
drastically help to reduce productivity of the employee. He went further to
urge employers of labour to provide good working environment that is safe
without risk to health and also provide facilities that will ensure the welfare
of employees at work.
2.4 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EMPLOYEES PRODUCTIVITY
In every organization, many contributions in enhancing workers
morale to achieve a particular purpose and such conditions are;
Safety Measure- level of safety measure in an organization helps
to improve employee’s morale and make them contribute immensely toward the
productivity of the organization. Every manager should be conscious comfort for
the interest of their employees.
Anderson (1980) opined that safety measures are important in every
organization. According to him, many people are not only interested on the
salary scale when seeking for employment, but also want good working conditions
which includes the health and safety of employees. In addition, he stated that
inadequacy of fire extinguishers, first aid box etcin the office will affect
employees negatively. He further emphasized that the morale interest and
attitude of workers will not be boosted if they understand that they are not
cared for.
Prevention of overcrowding According to Molokwu (1993), office is
safe for employee when overcrowding is avoided. This allows free movement of
both workers and materials as well as enhance effective operational process.
David (1981), postulated that overcrowding causes inadequate
ventilatio in work environment. In his view, he suggested that adequate effect
should be put in place to see that overcrowding is been prevented in an office.
He further highlighted that environment comfort is achieved by controlling the
movement of materials in the office.
c. Poor Ventilation- Groft (1964) posted that a stuffy atmosphere
reduces capacity to think and act, thisreduces output, he went ahead to say
that proper ventilation ,makes for a healthy working environment devoid of
fatigue, laziness, drowsiness etc, and consequently promotes workers
efficiency. According to David (1981), state that inadequate ventilation and
air conditioning system provides environmental discomfort to employee.
d. Good Quality Lighting System
Onibon Joe (1974), postulated that poor standard of light
obviously affect workers interest and attitude towards their work and makes
them to suffer from degree of eye strains and fatigue . Adequate lighting
system stimulates workers to carryout the work effectively. He said that office
shop and railway premises act of 1963 stated that sufficient and suitable light
either natural or artificial should be made available in the office.
Denyer (1974), stated that bad lighting system causes eye strains
and fatigue to employees. He went ahead to say that the result of a test
carried out in Bureau of internal Revenue in Washington, USA shows that
productivity in the office increases by five per cent 5% as a result of
introduction of higher lighting system. He further stated that good vision is
important for the satisfaction of the industrial work and its essential quality
and safety
e.Good coloration According
to Oliver (1975), a well decoded office or working environment is an ideal home
and has a reaching effect on the morale and interest of employees. He further
opined that appearance of work environment has a positive effect on people
working in it to him, dirty stinking and unsafe surroundings are depressing to
workers while bright and cheerful colour base have great effect on employees
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