MANAGERIAL COMPETENCE
2.1 Meaning of Poultry
Poultry comes from the French /Norman word, (pullus), which means
small animal, but in a more comprehensive form, it is seen as a category of
domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of collecting their eggs or
droppings, slaughtering them for their meat, and / or feathers. These are most
typically members of the super order Galloanserac (fowl), especially the order
Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys ) and the family
Anatidae (in the order Anseric forms), commonly known as water fowl (e.g.
domestic (ducks and domestic geese) poultry also includes other birds such as
pigeons or doves which can also be slaughtered for their meat.
Poultry in this part of the world can be regarded as an umbrella
that covers a variety of birds such as chicken, turkey quail etc whose basic
purpose of been kept is to convert feeds to meat and egg, which are of economic
value to man.
Historically, the growth of poultry began as a result of the
advantage it had over other livestock. These advantages include high protein
level in human diet (flock, 1994), source of income to the owners, Nelson
(1998), source of nutrients for land improvement Agboola, et al (1997) and
employment generation for the unemployed, Ravi (1998). The poultry industry is
one of the most popular livestock enterprises in the world today. Law and Payne
(1996) stated that the world production of poultry meat represented 23.6% of
all meat in 1992. North America had the highest production at 45.2kg per head.
In USA chicken consumption alone overtook that of pork in 1986 and beef in
1988. Okunaiya (1986) fund that Nigeria had the largest poultry population in
black Africa. According to him, poultry contributed highly to animal protein
consumption and gross domestic product. Omonona and Oni (2004) maintained that
poultry was one of the quickest ways for rapid increase in protein supply in
the short run, and it also provides food, income, employment and industrial raw
materials and manure for crop production.
2.2 Poultry Management
According to Ovwigho et al (2009), in virtually all rural areas,
poultry production is carried out on small scale under the extensive or
traditional and semi-intensive system. But the three major types of poultry
management systems are namely extensive semi-intensive and intensive systems.
Adegbola et al (1986) further classified the systems of poultry management in
the tropics into traditional, free range, restricted range and intensive range
systems.
The extensive system is also known as the free range system.
According to willamson (1978), this system of poultry management exposes birds
to predators and unfavorable weather conditions. B. O Ovwigho et al (2009) also
commented that this system of poultry keeping had continued to thrive in the
tropics in spite of the new technologies. Managerial Competence
The intensive system of poultry keeping is the one that requires
adequate and proper management of the birds by the poultry farmer. The poultry
farmer houses the birds in a poultry house at a stocking density that is
convenient for the birds. He provides them with adequate supply of foods and
water in the right quantity and at the right time. He takes proper care of the
poultry house and its environment to ensure a disease free environment and also
provides the birds with the necessary vaccines at the necessary time. The above
listed things being the routine activities in intensive system of poultry
management makes it a little bit more demanding in terms of the needed
attention and capital compared to others.Managerial Competence
In extensive system, birds are given the freedom to run about and
fend for themselves with little or no care given to them while in
semi-intensive, the birds are sometimes allowed to roam in search of food, they
have less attention of the poultry farmer compared to that of the intensive
system and they are exposed to risk and harm.
According to Andrew (1986), Portmouth (1972) and Obinne (1986),
Any poultry management system that is to be adopted depends on certain
conditions in order to ensure a high level of productivity and profitability.
It also depends on the kind of birds you are rearing. For Example a farmer
producing layers, thinks of making use of either the caped layer production or
floor production, both of which are under the intensive system of poultry
management.
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