ABSTRACT
Nigeria is bestowed with a richness of diverse human,
cultural and natural assets which are an immense resource to the nation’s
development of tourism. Although, in spite the development of global tourism
and its significance in developing nations, in Nigeria the industry of tourism
has not developed substantially. Stability and peace are significant essentials
to tourism development. The political uncertainty, ethnic/religious conflicts,
and crime in Nigeria have been a significant obstacle to the development of
tourism. Tourism, if relied on the rules and better practices polished through
ecotourism, might be an influential technique that would decrease the nation’s
reliance on oil. This form of environmentally and socially accountable tourism
could also decreased political volatility by supporting in the generation of wealth,
cover the cultural gaps, nurture peace among various religious and ethnic
groups and foster rural areas. However, kidnappings, corruption, and killings
appear to be the economic as well as political trinity harming Nigeria. The
existing situation of bombings and insecurity particularly in the Northern
region of the country has presented severe challenges to the stability and
peace of Nigeria. The country has not merely suffered massive loss in
properties, infrastructure and precious human lives; it has also faced economic
disruption which directs to the disposition of foreign direct investment.
Therefore, this dissertation will highlight the impact of security on the
tourism development of Nigeria and the ways it can benefit the country in
fostering its current state of instability.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
Normally, no business can survive in an insecure and
tensed environment. Tourism industry is no exception. It has become a big
source of financial expansion for several nations, highlighting the service
area and forging successful forward and backward associations with the
remaining of the economy, facilitating new job opportunities and income
resources. Even though, the developed nations base on an increased ratio of
global tourism, several developing nations are starting to reap benefits of the
massive opportunities presented by tourism. Nigeria is wealthy enough to be a
great tourism spot as it is loaded with natural and human resources and wish to
become one of the established economies of the globe as well as a leading
country in Africa by 2020 (Arowolo & Fabarebo, 2005). In order to
materialize the dream, Nigeria needs to determine the effective exploitation of
its assets to attract the native and global investors. Despite of laudable
objective and planning, Nigeria has significantly nothing to rely upon for the
achievement of its goals. Currently, the majority of its population is deprived
and poor and they do not gain access to contemporary health care provisions,
pipe water, and higher education and employment opportunities. They cannot bear
daily three square meals. These unfavorable development signs have directed to
it being ranked as one of the most deprived and poorest countries throughout
the world.
The poor growth position of Nigeria without any doubt
breeds environment of aggravated expectations and nurture widespread annoyance
on the end of those that are bound in the vortex cycle of miserable poverty.
The situation of desperation is more provoked by powerless elimination schemes
and conspirational overlooking by the government of Nigeria. In such
predicament condition, people and groups react diversely relying on conditional
aspects and potency. These reactions are materialized and seek expression in
several shades of rebellious conducts including kidnapping, robbery, killings,
revolt among various others (Wang & Pizam, 2011). In the middle of all
these issues, Nigeria is faced with intimidating challenges of security which
primarily include assassination, terrorism, kidnapping, militancy, armed
robberies and ethnic calamities. The existing most troubling insecurity issue
in Nigeria is the fear unleashed by a dreaded confrontational Islamic group
Jama’atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’ Wat, Wal Jihad commonly known as Boko Haram (Holcomb,
2004). The presentation by mass media to the masses has been a multivariate
perception of vivid actions of bombings with horrific depiction and impunity of
people blistered and destruction of property by Boko Haram. Therefore,
everyone, particularly in the breeding ground of terrorism, resides in
persistent panic. At this point, one starts to wonder how the masses who reside
in these areas go about their economic and social activities and how much the
country requires developing a safe and secure environment in order to foster a
stable growth of industries like tourism which can promise a better outlook for
the country.
1.1.1 Boko Haram: Cause and the Epidemic of
Intimidation in Nigeria
Boko Haram is a popular Muslim sect dedicated to
follow extreme principles. Few scholars suggest the beginning of the group to
1995 and identified Lawan Abubakar as the founder of the group. it was the time
when Lawan left for advanced learning in Saudia Arabia that the group then
called as Sahaba led by Mohammad Yusuf who was respected as the leader and who
managed the issues of the group. Others recognize the group creator to Shehu
Sanni, which was based in Northern Nigeria (Holcomb, 2004). Other than the
above mentioned aspects, several expositions on the beginning and founder of
Boko Haram. When the group was led by Mallam Mohammed Yusuf, Boko Haram
transformed radically and received foreign integration particularly with famous
Al-Qaeda. Since 2009, the Boko Haram contributed to a sever security risk in
Northern region of Nigeria. The terror plan of the group assumed an
intimidating direction from 2010 till now (Adelugba & Ujomu, 2008).
Although, until June 2011, the attacks were limited to the North East zone. The
initial onslaught external to that zone was the Abuja bombings at police
headquarters in Nigeria. That assault was followed up with the onslaughts of
United Nations House later in 2011 (Bassey & Dokubo, 2011).
Figure 1: Save Our Girls Campaign
Source: (Arowolo & Fabarebo, 2005)
Around 200 girls were kidnapped by Boko Haram who
mocked Nigerians with warnings to sell those school girls for sexual slavery.
In a nation where girls are not encouraged to get higher education, this could
reinforce that lesser girls will dare the classroom. This story captured the global
attention which eventually followed by a mass media campaign ‘Bring Back our
Girls’and international protests. Critics express Goodluck Jonathan, Nigerian
President has effort very little to rescue those girls and to stop the dreadful
onslaughts of Boko Haram. The term Boko Haram generally means “western teaching
is offense” (Bassey & Dokubo, 2011). This current onslaught makes it harder
for the kids of Nigeria, particularly girls, to attend school and become
educated. Boko Haram has effectively deterred numerous school going children in
northern Nigeria. However, the educational record of the country is hardly
astral. It is one of the only nations throughout the globe where the condition
of education has reduced over the last ten years (Giacoma & Horsey, 2013).
After highlighting the research issue, the paper will
discuss the literature related with the concepts of safety and security and
their significance for sustainable tourism development. Followed by a brief
description of research methodology that is used to conduct the study of
selected topic and afterwards there will be a comprehensive analysis of tourism
development in Nigeria, its impact on various areas and how can security in the
country lead to a peaceful, sound and sustainable tourism growth. There will be
recommendations at the end underlining the importance of safety and security
for Nigeria’s current political istability and how it can be cured through
proper and adequate measues.
1.2 Rationale
In modern times, Nigeria has been recalled as one of
the topmost regions which have imposed a huge influence on tourists due to its
natural resources. Beside, the ratio of tourists visits particularly in
destinations like Cross River and Lagos regions. However, because of the
daunting rise of insecurity evolved from political instability in the country,
witnessed in events like kidnappings and bombings by Boko Haram, the tourism
industry of the country shows a dubious future. Therefore, this research paper
aims to understand the impact of security on the tourism development of Nigeria
and how a safe and stable political and national environment would help in
boosting the industry.
1.3 Research Objectives
To study the evolution of tourism development in
Nigeria
To outline the impact of security on the growth and
progress of tourism industry in Nigeria
To offer recommendations on improving the
microenvironment of Nigeria for a steady development of tourism industry.
To understand the significance of management in the
tourism industry while implementing the established knowledge of management
into the analysis.
To integrate marketing insights and understanding to
determine the importance of tourism development in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
The presented work addreses the following research
questions
What is the impact of security on tourism development
in Nigeria?
What are the risk factors that is affecting tourism
development in Nigeria?
What is the impact of security on the growth and
progress of tourism industry in Nigeria?
How microenvironment of Nigeria could be improved for
steady development of tourism industry?
1.5 Scope of the Research
The scope of this study is limited only to Nigeria so
that more in depth information could be obtained to propose proper
recommendations to the Government for improvement and development of this
industry. Moreover, the research and the factors analysed are only limited to
tourism industry.
1.6 Significane of the Research
The research is significant specially for the tourism
industry of Nigeria. However, the research is equally important for the tourism
industry of other countries that are at low security levels. Thus, the study is
significant for researchers, tourists, Government, investors who can take
advantage of this study.
1.7 Structure of Dissertation
The dissertation is divided into following five
chapters:
Chapter 1: This chapter gives overview of the industry
along with research objectives, research questions, rationale, scope and
significance of the research.
Chapter 2: This chapter provides quality literature on
the tourism industry with respect to different factors.
Chapter 3: This chapter provides research methodology
i.e., the research is carried out using secondary data that was collected
solely for the purpose of research
Chapter 4: This chapter discusses and analyse data
collected from different sources that would contribute to the next chapter.
Chapter 5: This chapter will finally conclude research
and recommendations will be proposed on the basis of the data collected and
analysed.
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