CHAPTER
ONE INTRODUCTION Marketing communications forms a key aspect of the delivery of
hospitality services. This sector is heavily dependent on marketing because of
the industries special characteristics as services. However, marketing
communications is a great deal more than simply about advertising. Getting the
right messages to the right people is perhaps one of the most important factors
in determining the success of this sector. Indeed marketing communications
forms its own sub-field of study within the discipline of marketing. And yet
there are few textbooks that focus specifically on marketing communications for
services, and none of them that look in detail into the communications issues,
theories and strategies facing the contemporary tourism and hospitality sector.
This is despite the fact that this sector is an experiential services sector
which relies so heavily on representations. Representations can be described as
impressions, images and depictions about the experiences or about what might be
expected from service providers. Although there has been a great deal of
academic attention given to the various dimensions of marketing in tourism and
hospitality services within the business and management literature, and within
sociology on the semiotics of representations of tourist brochures, there has
been remarkably little attention given to the broad dimensions of marketing
communications, the concepts, strategies, issues and challenges underpinning
this important function in a dynamic service sector environment. This book aims
to at least partially address this omission. It is important, therefore, that
the book begins by attempting to define and limit its scope given the broad
nature of the topic and the wide variety of concepts that fall within the remit
of marketing communications. 1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Lashley (2000)
argues that hospitality in the historical sense concerns a duty of
charitableness, offering protection (shelter) and succour (food and drink) to ‘
strangers ’ (2000: p. 6). This is in recognition of the fact that hospitality
studies have in the past emphasised the commercial orientation, hospitality
management, over the more intuitive and humanistic nature of hospitality in the
social domain. Conventional definitions of hospitality focus on the provision
of domestic labour and services for commercial gain. These services include
food, drink and lodging which are offered for sale. Obviously, hospitality
services are much more than simply about selling food and drink or providing
people with a roof over their head for a night. It is clear that commercial
hospitality organisations draw on images and a rhetoric of hospitality which
connects more deeply with those historical and socio-anthropological meanings
of hospitableness which holds importance for marketing communications. There is
an enormous variation in the range of prices for which these services can be
charged and so the features of the products and services, and the quality of
the service must be very carefully defined and communicated to the selected
audiences. It is evident that hospitality services are intrinsic to the tourism
industry, and although the hospitality industry serves a much wider range of
clients ’needs than passing strangers and some would even argue that
hospitality services form a vital and vibrant part of any community, there are
sufficient synergies that link tourism and hospitality together in terms of the
issues, challenges and contexts that conjoin them in relation to marketing
communications. The hospitality industry can be divided into components which
deal in purely the provision of accommodation such as guest houses, hostels and
backpackers, youth hostels and camping and caravan sites. Those that offer the
full range of services, such as hotels, provide bar, restaurant, conference and
meeting rooms, leisure, health, beauty and spa treatments as well as
accommodation. A further distinction arises taking into account only those that
offer food and beverage, such as restaurants, pubs, and bars and inns. A
distinct but complementary sector arises out of the meetings, incentives,
conference and events (MICE) markets which provide hospitality services and are
often attached to hotels but are regarded as somewhat separate to conventional
notions of hospitality. The sector can also be differentiated by an orientation
to particular markets or consumers. Some sections of the trade focus solely on
local markets, whereas others cater solely to tourists – in the case of the
latter, this is mainly in the context of tourist resorts where there is little
indigenous population and development is linked explicitly to the tourist
trade. Thus again there is a huge variety in the size, scope, ownership
structure and orientation to marketing in the hospitality industry making the
challenge of understanding the usefulness and application of marketing
communications complex and worthy of a specific focus of attention. The
hospitality industry is also characterised as a lifestyle consumer activity.
Although its services are essential needs, the basics of life – food, drink and
shelter – they are delivered as a consumer experience, and in recent years,
there have been trends which reveal the ‘ life stylisation ’ of hospitality,
particularly used as a reward for hard work in advanced consumer economies.
Therefore, in a similar way to tourism, hospitality has become an experiential
consumer good, which explicitly aims to appeal to consumers’ emotions.
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