ABSTRACT
The purpose
of this research work is to find out the role of sustainability for the
development of cultural heritage sites development. It was mainly targeted to
know the importance of cultural heritage in tourism industry and its impact and
ways to develop sustainable tourism in those sites. The case study of Imoleboja
Rock shelter was taken as the research project to analyze and interpret the
significance and process of sustainability.
The research
work suggested that tourism in cultural heritage sites development should
ensure three pillars of sustainability: environmental sustainability,
socio-cultural sustainability and economic sustainability for the long-term
success and development of cultural and heritage tourism. The world heritage
sites were taken as important part of cultural heritage to define the
importance of cultural heritage in tourism industry. The research work
explained the need of active involvement of local people, tourism operators, government
and non-government organizations for the preservation and promotion of cultural
values, heritages and traditions.
On the case
study of Imoleboja Rock the research revealed that Imoleboja Rock is one of the
significant places for humankind. It was found that Imoleboja Rock needs an
urgent sustainable tourism management plan to monitor and implement the
development activities. The study also revealed that the participation of the
local people and concerned organizations in safeguarding the cultural assets of
Imoleboja Rock was insufficient. The study suggested that sustainable business
practices should be adopted and implemented in this particular site for its
feasible development.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Cultural
Heritage in South East Africa is very impressive. The legacy of thousands of
years of history has not only left material traces, such as historic buildings
or characteristic architectural features (dry stone walls, chapels, fountains,
vernacular buildings) (EC 2002) , but also a wealth of immaterial culture, be
it customs, folklore, know-how, handicrafts, culinary specialties, music, dance
and others. Almost every village has its own distinctive heritage, which not
only identifies it, but also differentiates it from neighbouring
villages.Sustainable tourism is introduced as a major field of research in the
tourism industry. The ever-growing number of tourists in cultural and heritage
tourism has exposed threats in maintaining the economic, social and
environmental aspects of the cultural heritage sites. Globalization,
urbanization and climate change have adversely affected the quality of the
resources found in those sites. The long-term success of tourism development in
cultural and heritage tourism needs an urgent sustainable change for the proper
management of the socio-economic and ecological development.
Cultural and
heritage tourism is the fastest growing sector in the tourism industry.
Cultural heritage sites and places reflect a large and varied collection of the
human creation and history of the culture adopted across the entire world. It
includes cultural aspects such as heritage sites, monuments, traditional
activities, languages and natural resources that are considered very important
to be preserved for the future generations. The heritage sites are popular
destinations for the tourists who are curious and dedicated to explore
historical, cultural and archaeological sites and intend to interact and get to
know the local community as well. Due to the increased curiosity in people to
learn and experience other cultures and communities, a large number of people
are travelling across the world. The increasing trend of tourists in this
sector of tourism has increased the living standard of the local people by
creating job opportunities and enhancing the local cultures and traditions.
On the other
hand, tourism has negative impacts as well. Tourism can create conflicts
between the tourists and the local people and the stakeholders involved in the
sector. There may arise insecurity in cultural diversity and economic and
environmental degradation.
Therefore,
there is always a need of sustainable development process to identify, manage
and conserve the heritage values through understanding the impact of tourism
towards the communities, ensuring the socio-economic benefits and providing
financial supports for the protection of the resources and promotion of the
places.
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Cultural and
heritage tourism is a sector of tourism that includes the travelling
experiences of historical, cultural and natural resources that reflect the
authentic stories and facts related to the people from the past and present.
The tourism sector involved with the cultural and heritage values gives the tourists
a significant number of opportunities to understand an unfamiliar place, people
and time. The importance of the heritage value increases with the arrival of
people to that place which in turn has created new possibilities for
preservation of the sites. Cultural and heritage tourism contributes growth in
economic strength of the local people providing new job opportunities and
promoting local cultures and values. (National Trust for Historic Preservation
2011.)
The majority
of south east African countries have made considerable efforts to inventory and
conserve their built heritage. At international level, unique and outstanding
examples are recognized through their nomination as a World Heritage site under
the auspices of UNESCO. In Africa there are now over 962 such sites listed,
among them 745 Cultural sites (in the UNESCO record 2013), so there are no
doubts that this immense heritage has the ability to attract tourists, not only
to the actual sites but also to the surrounding area.
The idea of
this publication originated from a discussion within the CHERPLAN Steering
Committee meeting in Montenegro. Participants noted that all the involved pilot
project sites present a common ʻHit-and-Runʼ Tourism problem, with tourists
visiting the site for few hours to continue their travel to other destinations
with more attractive accommodation and recreational facilities. This type of
tourism generates mainly negative impacts on the heritage sites (dealing with
increased waste generation, water consumption and traffic) while the income is
almost absent. Daily mass tourism in the area of Hallstatt for example
(involving tens of buses per day) has a high environmental impact on the
territory. In discussing Hit-and-Run Tourism, we need, however, to consider how
a sustainable tourism can be achieved in the Cultural Heritage sites. In
addition, Cultural Heritage (CH) is not seen as an overall priority for
national development unless its relationship with social values, economic
activities and local development is made clear. This kind of tourism
constitutes an essential engine for economic development, where the major
measurable economic impacts of CH include: job opportunities and household
income; centre city revitalization; stable property values and small business incubation.
In Africa revenues generated by cultural tourism are most significant: 79% of
the turnover in Africa’s Cultural Heritage sector is tourism related, while 16%
is derived from maintenance investments by private owners, charities, and
foundations (Archimede Programme) with the remaining 5% coming from public and
governmental bodies. It is evident that heritage is a driving force for
development of tourism industry in our cities.
According to
recent estimates, more than 8 million jobs are directly and indirectly
sustained by the Cultural Heritage sector in Africa. Nevertheless, in this
period of economic recession most national governments decided to cut the
budget dedicated to this important sector.
1.2STATEMENT
OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
For the
above-mentioned reasons, it is necessary to find appropriate solutions which,
on one hand increase the number of tourists - and in particular the overnight
stay - in order to strengthen the revenues from the tourism sector, and on the
other hand adopt an environmentally friendly strategy to preserve the value and
beauty of the natural and cultural heritage.
1.3OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The main aim
of this research work is to find out the role of sustainable tourism for the
development of cultural heritage sites through a case study of IMOLEBOJA ROCK
in Kwara state. This research work is also aimed to analyze the participation
of various independent actors in developing sustainable tourism. The ultimate
objective of this research work is to provide further suggestions and
recommendations for planning, implementing and monitoring the sustainable
tourism development in Kwara state, as well as other.
1.4RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The
researcher formed some research question which the research work will answer
and address in the course of this study.
1.Do your
community have any cultural heritage?
2.How often
do individuals from other location come for tourism on the heritage of your
community?
3.Do this
Sustainable tourism bring about development and heritage site development
within the community?
4.Approximately
how many foreigner come to the Imoleboja Rock-shelter for tourism in a year?
1.5RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
According to
Aguburu (2001), the word “Hypotheses” is a set of assumptions which are
accepted provisionally as a basis for investigation. It is formulated in the
form of statements whose truth is to be tested. The following are hypotheses
for this research work:
Hypothesis
I
Null
Hypothesis (Ho): There is a significant relationship between sustainable
tourism to cultural heritage site development
Alternative
Hypothesis (Ha): There is no significant relationship between sustainable
tourism to cultural heritage site development
Hypothesis
II
Null
Hypothesis (Ho): Sustainable tourism has brought about development and heritage
site development within the community
Alternative
Hypothesis (Ha): Sustainable tourism has not bring about development and
heritage site development within the community
1.6SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
Environmental Planning and Management concept elaborated in this project can
help decision makers improve the development opportunities of the pilot site.
This publication has been developed with the aim of providing a common
understanding of terminology and key-concepts.
Highlight on
Sites and the relevant role of public participation in developing the
management plan in order to balance tourism flow and sustainability of the
sites.
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