ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research work is to find out the
role of sustainability for the development of cultural heritage sites
development. It was mainly targeted to know the importance of cultural heritage
in tourism industry and its impact and ways to develop sustainable tourism in
those sites. The case study of Imoleboja Rock shelter was taken as the research
project to analyze and interpret the significance and process of
sustainability.
The research work suggested that tourism in cultural
heritage sites development should ensure three pillars of sustainability:
environmental sustainability, socio-cultural sustainability and economic
sustainability for the long-term success and development of cultural and
heritage tourism. The world heritage sites were taken as important part of
cultural heritage to define the importance of cultural heritage in tourism
industry. The research work explained the need of active involvement of local
people, tourism operators, government and non-government organizations for the
preservation and promotion of cultural values, heritages and traditions.
On the case study of Imoleboja Rock the research
revealed that Imoleboja Rock is one of the significant places for humankind. It
was found that Imoleboja Rock needs an urgent sustainable tourism management
plan to monitor and implement the development activities. The study also
revealed that the participation of the local people and concerned organizations
in safeguarding the cultural assets of Imoleboja Rock was insufficient. The
study suggested that sustainable business practices should be adopted and
implemented in this particular site for its feasible development.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cultural Heritage in South East Africa is very
impressive. The legacy of thousands of years of history has not only left
material traces, such as historic buildings or characteristic architectural
features (dry stone walls, chapels, fountains, vernacular buildings) (EC 2002)
, but also a wealth of immaterial culture, be it customs, folklore, know-how,
handicrafts, culinary specialties, music, dance and others. Almost every
village has its own distinctive heritage, which not only identifies it, but
also differentiates it from neighbouring villages.Sustainable tourism is introduced
as a major field of research in the tourism industry. The ever-growing number
of tourists in cultural and heritage tourism has exposed threats in maintaining
the economic, social and environmental aspects of the cultural heritage sites.
Globalization, urbanization and climate change have adversely affected the
quality of the resources found in those sites. The long-term success of tourism
development in cultural and heritage tourism needs an urgent sustainable change
for the proper management of the socio-economic and ecological development.
Cultural and heritage tourism is the fastest growing
sector in the tourism industry. Cultural heritage sites and places reflect a
large and varied collection of the human creation and history of the culture
adopted across the entire world. It includes cultural aspects such as heritage
sites, monuments, traditional activities, languages and natural resources that
are considered very important to be preserved for the future generations. The
heritage sites are popular destinations for the tourists who are curious and
dedicated to explore historical, cultural and archaeological sites and intend
to interact and get to know the local community as well. Due to the increased
curiosity in people to learn and experience other cultures and communities, a
large number of people are travelling across the world. The increasing trend of
tourists in this sector of tourism has increased the living standard of the
local people by creating job opportunities and enhancing the local cultures and
traditions.
On the other hand, tourism has negative impacts as
well. Tourism can create conflicts between the tourists and the local people
and the stakeholders involved in the sector. There may arise insecurity in
cultural diversity and economic and environmental degradation.
Therefore, there is always a need of sustainable
development process to identify, manage and conserve the heritage values
through understanding the impact of tourism towards the communities, ensuring
the socio-economic benefits and providing financial supports for the protection
of the resources and promotion of the places.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Cultural and heritage tourism is a sector of tourism
that includes the travelling experiences of historical, cultural and natural
resources that reflect the authentic stories and facts related to the people
from the past and present. The tourism sector involved with the cultural and
heritage values gives the tourists a significant number of opportunities to
understand an unfamiliar place, people and time. The importance of the heritage
value increases with the arrival of people to that place which in turn has
created new possibilities for preservation of the sites. Cultural and heritage
tourism contributes growth in economic strength of the local people providing
new job opportunities and promoting local cultures and values. (National Trust
for Historic Preservation 2011.)
The majority of south east African countries have made
considerable efforts to inventory and conserve their built heritage. At
international level, unique and outstanding examples are recognized through
their nomination as a World Heritage site under the auspices of UNESCO. In
Africa there are now over 962 such sites listed, among them 745 Cultural sites
(in the UNESCO record 2013), so there are no doubts that this immense heritage
has the ability to attract tourists, not only to the actual sites but also to
the surrounding area.
The idea of this publication originated from a
discussion within the CHERPLAN Steering Committee meeting in Montenegro.
Participants noted that all the involved pilot project sites present a common ʻHit-and-Runʼ Tourism
problem, with tourists visiting the site for few hours to continue their travel
to other destinations with more attractive accommodation and recreational facilities. This type
of tourism generates mainly negative impacts on the heritage sites (dealing
with increased waste generation, water consumption and traffic) while the
income is almost absent. Daily mass tourism in the area of Hallstatt for
example (involving tens of buses per day) has a high environmental impact on
the territory. In discussing Hit-and-Run Tourism, we need, however, to consider
how a sustainable tourism can be achieved in the Cultural Heritage sites. In addition,
Cultural Heritage (CH) is not seen as an overall priority for national
development unless its relationship with social values, economic activities and
local development is made clear. This kind of tourism constitutes an essential
engine for economic development, where the major measurable economic impacts of
CH include: job opportunities and household income; centre city revitalization;
stable property values and small business incubation. In Africa revenues
generated by cultural tourism are most significant: 79% of the turnover in
Africa’s Cultural Heritage sector is tourism related, while 16% is derived from
maintenance investments by private owners, charities, and foundations
(Archimede Programme) with the remaining 5% coming from public and governmental
bodies. It is evident that heritage is a driving force for development of
tourism industry in our cities.
According to recent estimates, more than 8 million
jobs are directly and indirectly sustained by the Cultural Heritage sector in
Africa. Nevertheless, in this period of economic recession most national
governments decided to cut the budget dedicated to this important sector.
1.2STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
For the above-mentioned reasons, it is necessary to
find appropriate solutions which, on one hand increase the number of tourists -
and in particular the overnight stay - in order to strengthen the revenues from
the tourism sector, and on the other hand adopt an environmentally friendly
strategy to preserve the value and beauty of the natural and cultural heritage.
1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this research work is to find out the
role of sustainable tourism for the development of cultural heritage sites
through a case study of IMOLEBOJA ROCK in Kwara state. This research work is
also aimed to analyze the participation of various independent actors in
developing sustainable tourism. The ultimate objective of this research work is
to provide further suggestions and recommendations for planning, implementing
and monitoring the sustainable tourism development in Kwara state, as well as
other.
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