ABSTRACT
Nigeria is bestowed with a richness
of diverse human, cultural and natural assets which are an immense resource to
the nation’s development of tourism. Although, in spite the development of
global tourism and its significance in developing nations, in Nigeria the
industry of tourism has not developed substantially. Stability and peace are
significant essentials to tourism development. The political uncertainty,
ethnic/religious conflicts, and crime in Nigeria have been a significant
obstacle to the development of tourism. Tourism, if relied on the rules and
better practices polished through ecotourism, might be an influential technique
that would decrease the nation’s reliance on oil. This form of environmentally
and socially accountable tourism could also decreased political volatility by
supporting in the generation of wealth, cover the cultural gaps, nurture peace
among various religious and ethnic groups and foster rural areas. However,
kidnappings, corruption, and killings appear to be the economic as well as
political trinity harming Nigeria. The existing situation of bombings and
insecurity particularly in the Northern region of the country has presented
severe challenges to the stability and peace of Nigeria. The country has not
merely suffered massive loss in properties, infrastructure and precious human
lives; it has also faced economic disruption which directs to the disposition
of foreign direct investment. Therefore, this dissertation will highlight the
impact of security on the tourism development of Nigeria and the ways it can
benefit the country in fostering its current state of instability.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
Normally, no business can survive in
an insecure and tensed environment. Tourism industry is no exception. It has
become a big source of financial expansion for several nations, highlighting
the service area and forging successful forward and backward associations with
the remaining of the economy, facilitating new job opportunities and income
resources. Even though, the developed nations base on an increased ratio of
global tourism, several developing nations are starting to reap benefits of the
massive opportunities presented by tourism. Nigeria is wealthy enough to be a
great tourism spot as it is loaded with natural and human resources and wish to
become one of the established economies of the globe as well as a leading
country in Africa by 2020 (Arowolo & Fabarebo, 2005). In order to
materialize the dream, Nigeria needs to determine the effective exploitation of
its assets to attract the native and global investors. Despite of laudable
objective and planning, Nigeria has significantly nothing to rely upon for the
achievement of its goals. Currently, the majority of its population is deprived
and poor and they do not gain access to contemporary health care provisions,
pipe water, and higher education and employment opportunities. They cannot bear
daily three square meals. These unfavorable development signs have directed to
it being ranked as one of the most deprived and poorest countries throughout
the world.
The poor growth position of Nigeria
without any doubt breeds environment of aggravated expectations and nurture
widespread annoyance on the end of those that are bound in the vortex cycle of
miserable poverty. The situation of desperation is more provoked by powerless
elimination schemes and conspirational overlooking by the government of
Nigeria. In such predicament condition, people and groups react diversely
relying on conditional aspects and potency. These reactions are materialized
and seek expression in several shades of rebellious conducts including
kidnapping, robbery, killings, revolt among various others (Wang & Pizam,
2011). In the middle of all these issues, Nigeria is faced with intimidating
challenges of security which primarily include assassination, terrorism,
kidnapping, militancy, armed robberies and ethnic calamities. The existing most
troubling insecurity issue in Nigeria is the fear unleashed by a dreaded
confrontational Islamic group Jama’atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’ Wat, Wal Jihad
commonly known as Boko Haram (Holcomb, 2004). The presentation by mass media to
the masses has been a multivariate perception of vivid actions of bombings with
horrific depiction and impunity of people blistered and destruction of property
by Boko Haram. Therefore, everyone, particularly in the breeding ground of
terrorism, resides in persistent panic. At this point, one starts to wonder how
the masses who reside in these areas go about their economic and social
activities and how much the country requires developing a safe and secure
environment in order to foster a stable growth of industries like tourism which
can promise a better outlook for the country.
1.1.1 Boko Haram: Cause and the
Epidemic of Intimidation in Nigeria
Boko Haram is a popular Muslim sect
dedicated to follow extreme principles. Few scholars suggest the beginning of
the group to 1995 and identified Lawan Abubakar as the founder of the group. it
was the time when Lawan left for advanced learning in Saudia Arabia that the
group then called as Sahaba led by Mohammad Yusuf who was respected as the
leader and who managed the issues of the group. Others recognize the group
creator to Shehu Sanni, which was based in Northern Nigeria (Holcomb, 2004).
Other than the above mentioned aspects, several expositions on the beginning
and founder of Boko Haram. When the group was led by Mallam Mohammed Yusuf, Boko
Haram transformed radically and received foreign integration particularly with
famous Al-Qaeda. Since 2009, the Boko Haram contributed to a sever security
risk in Northern region of Nigeria. The terror plan of the group assumed an
intimidating direction from 2010 till now (Adelugba & Ujomu, 2008).
Although, until June 2011, the attacks were limited to the North East zone. The
initial onslaught external to that zone was the Abuja bombings at police
headquarters in Nigeria. That assault was followed up with the onslaughts of
United Nations House later in 2011 (Bassey & Dokubo, 2011).
Figure 1: Save Our Girls Campaign
Source: (Arowolo & Fabarebo,
2005)
Around 200 girls were kidnapped by
Boko Haram who mocked Nigerians with warnings to sell those school girls for
sexual slavery. In a nation where girls are not encouraged to get higher
education, this could reinforce that lesser girls will dare the classroom. This
story captured the global attention which eventually followed by a mass media
campaign ‘Bring Back our Girls’and international protests. Critics express
Goodluck Jonathan, Nigerian President has effort very little to rescue those
girls and to stop the dreadful onslaughts of Boko Haram. The term Boko Haram
generally means “western teaching is offense” (Bassey & Dokubo, 2011). This
current onslaught makes it harder for the kids of Nigeria, particularly girls,
to attend school and become educated. Boko Haram has effectively deterred
numerous school going children in northern Nigeria. However, the educational
record of the country is hardly astral. It is one of the only nations
throughout the globe where the condition of education has reduced over the last
ten years (Giacoma & Horsey, 2013).
After highlighting the research
issue, the paper will discuss the literature related with the concepts of
safety and security and their significance for sustainable tourism development.
Followed by a brief description of research methodology that is used to conduct
the study of selected topic and afterwards there will be a comprehensive
analysis of tourism development in Nigeria, its impact on various areas and how
can security in the country lead to a peaceful, sound and sustainable tourism
growth. There will be recommendations at the end underlining the importance of safety
and security for Nigeria’s current political istability and how it can be cured
through proper and adequate measues.
1.2 Rationale
In modern times, Nigeria has been
recalled as one of the topmost regions which have imposed a huge influence on
tourists due to its natural resources. Beside, the ratio of tourists visits
particularly in destinations like Cross River and Lagos regions. However,
because of the daunting rise of insecurity evolved from political instability
in the country, witnessed in events like kidnappings and bombings by Boko
Haram, the tourism industry of the country shows a dubious future. Therefore,
this research paper aims to understand the impact of security on the tourism
development of Nigeria and how a safe and stable political and national
environment would help in boosting the industry.
1.3 Research Objectives
To study the evolution of tourism
development in Nigeria
To outline the impact of security on
the growth and progress of tourism industry in Nigeria
To offer recommendations on
improving the microenvironment of Nigeria for a steady development of tourism
industry.
To understand the significance of
management in the tourism industry while implementing the established knowledge
of management into the analysis.
To integrate marketing insights and
understanding to determine the importance of tourism development in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
The presented work addreses the
following research questions
What is the impact of security on
tourism development in Nigeria?
What are the risk factors that is
affecting tourism development in Nigeria?
What is the impact of security on
the growth and progress of tourism industry in Nigeria?
How microenvironment of Nigeria
could be improved for steady development of tourism industry?
1.5 Scope of the Research
The scope of this study is limited
only to Nigeria so that more in depth information could be obtained to propose
proper recommendations to the Government for improvement and development of
this industry. Moreover, the research and the factors analysed are only limited
to tourism industry.
1.6 Significane of the Research
The research is significant
specially for the tourism industry of Nigeria. However, the research is equally
important for the tourism industry of other countries that are at low security
levels. Thus, the study is significant for researchers, tourists, Government,
investors who can take advantage of this study.
1.7 Structure of Dissertation
The dissertation is divided into
following five chapters:
Chapter 1: This chapter gives
overview of the industry along with research objectives, research questions,
rationale, scope and significance of the research.
Chapter 2: This chapter provides
quality literature on the tourism industry with respect to different factors.
Chapter 3: This chapter provides
research methodology i.e., the research is carried out using secondary data
that was collected solely for the purpose of research
Chapter 4: This chapter discusses
and analyse data collected from different sources that would contribute to the
next chapter.
Chapter 5: This chapter will finally
conclude research and recommendations will be proposed on the basis of the data
collected and analysed.
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