CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Marketing communications forms a
key aspect of the delivery of hospitality services. This sector is heavily
dependent on marketing because of the industries special characteristics as
services. However, marketing communications is a great deal more than simply
about advertising. Getting the right messages to the right people is perhaps
one of the most important factors in determining the success of this sector.
Indeed marketing communications forms its own sub-field of study within the
discipline of marketing. And yet there are few textbooks that focus
specifically on marketing communications for services, and none of them that
look in detail into the communications issues, theories and strategies facing
the contemporary tourism and hospitality sector. This is despite the fact that
this sector is an experiential services sector which relies so heavily on
representations. Representations can be described as impressions, images and
depictions about the experiences or about what might be expected from service
providers. Although there has been a great deal of academic attention given to
the various dimensions of marketing in tourism and hospitality services within
the business and management literature, and within sociology on the semiotics
of representations of tourist brochures, there has been remarkably little
attention given to the broad dimensions of marketing communications, the
concepts, strategies, issues and challenges underpinning this important
function in a dynamic service sector environment. This book aims to at least
partially address this omission. It is important, therefore, that the book
begins by attempting to define and limit its scope given the broad nature of
the topic and the wide variety of concepts that fall within the remit of
marketing communications. 1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Lashley (2000) argues that
hospitality in the historical sense concerns a duty of charitableness, offering
protection (shelter) and succour (food and drink) to ‘ strangers ’ (2000: p.
6). This is in recognition of the fact that hospitality studies have in the
past emphasised the commercial orientation, hospitality management, over the
more intuitive and humanistic nature of hospitality in the social domain.
Conventional definitions of hospitality focus on the provision of domestic
labour and services for commercial gain. These services include food, drink and
lodging which are offered for sale. Obviously, hospitality services are much
more than simply about selling food and drink or providing people with a roof
over their head for a night. It is clear that commercial hospitality organisations
draw on images and a rhetoric of hospitality which connects more deeply with
those historical and socio-anthropological meanings of hospitableness which
holds importance for marketing communications. There is an enormous variation
in the range of prices for which these services can be charged and so the
features of the products and services, and the quality of the service must be
very carefully defined and communicated to the selected audiences. It is
evident that hospitality services are intrinsic to the tourism industry, and
although the hospitality industry serves a much wider range of clients ’needs
than passing strangers and some would even argue that hospitality services form
a vital and vibrant part of any community, there are sufficient synergies that
link tourism and hospitality together in terms of the issues, challenges and
contexts that conjoin them in relation to marketing communications. The
hospitality industry can be divided into components which deal in purely the
provision of accommodation such as guest houses, hostels and backpackers, youth
hostels and camping and caravan sites. Those that offer the full range of
services, such as hotels, provide bar, restaurant, conference and meeting
rooms, leisure, health, beauty and spa treatments as well as accommodation. A
further distinction arises taking into account only those that offer food and
beverage, such as restaurants, pubs, and bars and inns. A distinct but
complementary sector arises out of the meetings, incentives, conference and
events (MICE) markets which provide hospitality services and are often attached
to hotels but are regarded as somewhat separate to conventional notions of
hospitality. The sector can also be differentiated by an orientation to
particular markets or consumers. Some sections of the trade focus solely on
local markets, whereas others cater solely to tourists – in the case of the
latter, this is mainly in the context of tourist resorts where there is little
indigenous population and development is linked explicitly to the tourist
trade. Thus again there is a huge variety in the size, scope, ownership
structure and orientation to marketing in the hospitality industry making the
challenge of understanding the usefulness and application of marketing communications
complex and worthy of a specific focus of attention. The hospitality industry
is also characterised as a lifestyle consumer activity. Although its services
are essential needs, the basics of life – food, drink and shelter – they are
delivered as a consumer experience, and in recent years, there have been trends
which reveal the ‘ life stylisation ’ of hospitality, particularly used as a
reward for hard work in advanced consumer economies. Therefore, in a similar
way to tourism, hospitality has become an experiential consumer good, which
explicitly aims to appeal to consumers’ emotions.
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