ABSTRACT
This work discusses challenges of
corrupt practices in Nigeria. The main objective of this work is to access and
evaluate how corruption has eaten deep into the economy of Nigeria. Also to
understand the negative impact on the economy growth and development of
Nigeria.Nigeria has been ranked 33rd most corrupt country in the world,
according to the latest report by German-based Transparency International,
TI.In 2007, TI ranked Nigeria 33rd most corrupt, having scored the country
147th out of the 180 countries it surveyed for corruption. It was five steps
below that of 2006.The report said: “From children denied an education, to
elections decided by money not votes, public sector corruption comes in many
forms.Bribes and backroom deals don’t just steal resources from the most
vulnerable they undermine justice and economic development, and destroy public
trust in leaders.But while the results of corruption are clear, the real extent
of the problem is harder to pin down. Corruption within the public sector
remains one of the world’s biggest challenges, Transparency International said,
particularly in areas such as political parties, police, and justice systems.
Public institutions need to be more open about their work and officials must be
more transparent in their decision-making. Corruption remains notoriously
difficult to investigate and prosecute.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
1.2
Statement of the Research Problem
1.3
Objectives of the Study
1.4
Significance of the Study
1.5 Research
Questions
1.6 Research
Hypothesis
1.7
Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8
Assumptions
1.9
Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources
of Literature
2.2 The
Review
2.3 Summary
of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research
Method
3.2 Research
Design
3.3 Research
Sample
3.4
Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data
Collection
3.6 Data
Analysis
3.7 Expected
Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data
Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3
Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2
Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The growing clamour for democratic
transitions that swept through the entire African continent in the 1990s
subsequently gave birth to a wave of competitive multiparty election thereby
challenging authoritarianism, military rule and one-party regime in virtually
all African States with a view as Nyirabu(2002:99) put it “widening the space
of democracy”. Such democratic transitions have however not limited to African
countries alone. A writer has properly put this when he stated that: ‘In the
coming years, more countries will undoubtedly move toward democracy and some
democratic transitions will occur (Huntington, 1996:5). This prediction many
years ago came into reality.
Paradoxically, Nigeria’s democracy
especially the one that commenced from May 29, 1999 was born with persistent
ethnic and religious tensions, growing religious conflict, depressed economy
and marginalisation among others. Of these problems, no one is more intractable
and more threatening to the future of Nigerian democracy than political
corruption. Thus a statistical index on 85 countries, covering all the
continents of the world from Transparency International showed that, Nigeria
and Tanzania occupied the fifth position (Eke, 1999: 5). While this was so in
1999, by 2004 the same Transparency International ranked Nigeria as the third
most corrupt country in the world (Adesina, 2004:16). Both internal and
international observers have rated Nigeria as the most corrupt country in the
world, deserving a pride of place in the Guinness Book of Records (Umukoro,
2008:67). NuhuRibadu, a former head of the Economic and Financial Crime
Commission (EFCC) alerted the nation that as many as 31 former governors out of
36 have a case to answer on corruption (Adesina, 2008: 28). The issue is so
appalling in Nigeria that in another development, Ribadu revealed how politicians
siphoned over $10bn from Nigeria monthly (Farotimi, 2010: 7).
Analysts of political corruption in
the Third World have regarded this monster as the single most important
obstacle to economic development and political integration (Tignor, 1993: 175).
In fact, the British Government became increasingly worried after the World War
II and resultantly claimed that the transfer of power which could guarantee
political independence to Nigeria should be slowed down because of the rate of
political corruption. Tignor (1993, 176) further claimed that, of the problems
such as thuggery in politics, lack of commitment to democratic ideals,
ethnicity, and bureaucratic incompetence and inexperience that surfaced in the
1950s, political corruption rose to subsume all of them and therefore become
the emblematic defect of the fledgling republic.
This monster called political
corruption has continued to cripple successive government in Nigeria. The First
Republic (1960-1966) became the victim of political corruption as state
contracts and loan programmes were systematically milked to enrich elected
officials. The period of the Nigerian Civil War was not in any way better. This
period which coincided with the Gowon’s administration became an era of open
display of corrupt practices as some Government functionaries were exposed.
Gowon’s style of eradication of corruption woefully failed as a commission of
inquiry appointed by General MurtalaMuhammed after his assumption to power by
August 1975 coup convicted ten of the country’s twelve military governors of
diverting funds totalling over $20million (Diamond, 1991: 74).
Although there had been no
government in Nigeria that had demonstrated a strong will to fight corruption
between 1975 and 1979 than Murtala/Obasanjo administration, this
notwithstanding it was unable to rid the society of this disease by the time it
handed over power to the civilian politicians in October1979.The beginning of
the Second Republic marked another resurgence of political corruption that surpassed
the previous regimes. Thus Western diplomats and economists unofficially
estimated the private wealth exported by top government officials in the Second
Republic at between $5 and $7 billion (Diamond, 1984: 908). By December 31 when
the military took over and arrest of politicians was made, million of naira
were found in cash in the houses of these corrupt politicians. In fact, the
magnitude of corrupt practices that pervaded the entire republic earned the
period the golden age of corruption (Adamolekun, 1985: 88).
With all intents and purposes to
fight against political corruption, the Buhari/Idiagbon government could not do
much because the regime’s disregard to due process discredited its campaign
against political corruption. The advent of Babangida’s no doubt heightened
corruption in the country. Babangida who claimed to be the messiah of the
country soon fell victim of corrupt practices as he was accused of large cash
gifts to military officers, cabinet ministers, traditional rulers, and potentially
contentious opponents; of Mercedes Benz cars given to major newspaper editors
and directors of state broadcasting corporations; of the president’s secret
personal investments in banks and companies; of off the book oil being lifted
offshore by private tankers (Diamond, 1991: 76). It was this tempo of corrupt
practices that besmeared the Third Republic.
The rise of public administration
and the discovery of petroleum and natural gas are two major events seen to
have led to a litany of ignoble corrupt practices in the country. Over the
years, the country has seen its wealth withered with little to show in living
conditions of the average human being. A Nigerian political leader,
ObafemiAwolowo raised a salient issue when he said, since independence, our
governments have been a matter of few holding the cow for the strongest and
most cunning to milk, Under those circumstances everybody runs over everybody
to make good at the expense of others. The pervasive corruption has been blamed
on colonialism. According to this view, the nation’s colonial history may have
restricted any early influence in an ethical revolution. Throughout the
colonial period, most Nigerians were stuck in ignorance and poverty. The
trappings of flash cars, houses and success of the colonists may influence the
poor to see the colonist as symbols of success and to emulate the colonists in
different political ways.
Involvement in the agenda of
colonial rule may also inhibit idealism in the early stage of the nascent
nation’s development. A view commonly held during the colonial days was that
the colonists property (cars,houses,farms etc.) is not “our” property. Thus
vandalism and looting of public property was not seen as a crime against
society. This view is what has degenerated into the more recent disregard for
public property and lack of public trust and concern for public goods as a
collective national property.
Petty corruption is reportedly
widespread and surveys indicate that it is very hard to do business in Nigeria
without having to pay facilitation payments to public officials. Companies
should note that property rights, contracts and commercials disputes can be
difficult to enforce and settle in Nigerian courts due to corruption,
inefficiency and under-staffing. Tax administration lacks transparency that has
led either to high levels of tax evasion or tax officials demanding bribes in
return for lower tax rates. The police are perceived to be one of the most
corrupt institutions in Nigeria, and X Squad, the disciplinary body responsible
for investigating corruption inside the police is reportedly corrupt themselves
as well.
Corruption in Nigeria is not a
unique phenomenon. Its causes as well as its remedies are similar to those of
other countries throughout the world. Although global experience has proven
that the fight against corruption cannot be efficient or effective without the
backing of relevant legal frameworks, experience has also proven that legal
frameworks are not enough without strong political will and civil society
participation. Various anti-corruption attempts by both military and civilian
federal governments in Nigeria are a case in point. In dealing with the social
virus of corruption almost total failure has resulted, illustrating the need to
go beyond legal frameworks. As President OlusegunObasanjo argues in his paper,
“Nigeria: from pond of corruption to island of integrity,” Nigeria, right from
independence in 1960, has always had enough laws to address the problem of
corruption in the country.
1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
One of the pertinent issues in
Nigeria today is the focus on one of the greatest impediment to good governance
and sustainable development corruption.
In recent times, corruption has as
an issue taken the front burner in development discourse worldwide.
Since 1996, the World Bank has
supported more than six hundred (600) anti–corruption programmes and governance
initiative developed by its member countries.
Especially in 1999, the World Bank
institute budgeted a whopping $7.5million to fight corruption (Polzer, 200:2;
Tesh, 1991:1).
Ironically, the global financial
body was embroiled in scandalous dealings that led to the removal of its
chairman.
This goes to show the obvious
relevance corruption has to sustainable growth and development.
The world’s major religions in their
holy books are concerned with the evil of corruption amongst the rich and
powerful, and prescribed rules for punishing perpetrators and the wiping out of
corrupt acts.
The Qu’ran chapter 83, warmed
believers against the fraudulent and corrupt practices of the Arabian society
in the pre-Islamic era (Olurode, 2003:3).
The Holy Bible in proverbs (22:8,
11:20 and 13:11) (Olurode 2005:3) admonished the people about corruption
and its consequences, promising perpetrators that they would be losers on
judgment day.
Accountability is typically weak in
Nigeria because the county is ripe for corruption and rife with it.
The motivation to earn extra income
is extremely strong, worsened by poverty and low and declining civil services
salaries.
Thus, corruption has become a
cankerworm in the political system, stifling it of its potential sustainable
growth.
In spite of these efforts, the level
of corruption is still of serious concern and remains the greatest challenge.
Majority of Nigerians are yet to buy into the anti corruptionprogramme of the
Federal Government, particularly at the state and local government levels.
Consequently, the negative consequences of the endemic corruption continue to impede
development and threaten security of lives of the citizenry. Poverty,
unemployment, insecurity of life and property and decaying infrastructure are
the common features which are largely attributable to the high incidence of
corruption which has reached an endemic level.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To evaluate transparency
international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria.
2. To examine political corruption
and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from
Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section
considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria.
3. To know the latest
Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as
the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
4. To review the dimensions of
corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if
adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum,
and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.
5 To identify the inherent
nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since
2000-2010
To assess the effect of transparency
international and corrupt practices on Nigeria’s development.
6. To appraise the activities
of the EFCC.
7. To ascertain if the
EFCC has succeeded or failed in its quest to wipe out corruption in Nigeria.
The strategy (2011-2020) promotes a
three phased approach with an initial focus on (1) strengthening the capacities
of the dedicated anti-corruption and public accountability bodies, followed by
(2) mainstreaming of anti-corruption and governance principles into the work of
the MDAs and finally by (3) strengthening accountability, integrity and
transparency at the State and local government levels, the private sector and
the society at large.
The implementation of the strategy
is to be in three overlapping phases with some of the interventions at the
three phases running concurrently.
A strong monitoring and evaluation
system is to be put into place with a view to ensuring that individual MDAs
prioritise and fulfil their obligations under the strategy and that the public,
the private sector and the international community are informed of and involved
in the assessment of progress.
The strategy galvanises and
reaffirms the unwavering commitment of the Federal Government of Nigeria in the
fight against corruption by creating a single vision and a shared sense of
purpose by those tasked to prevent and combat corruption on behalf of all
Nigerians.
it help design and implement system
for financial and administrative oversight of grants and project of the
Americas Department (one country and multi-country) and provides administrative
and logistical support to two senior programmed co-ordinators;
2. being the
lead co-ordinator, including financial and administrative management and
monitoring of activities and result of the grants provided to TI nations in the
Americas through the TI Anti-corruption. Delivery change (AD:DC) global
programmes; and
3. Provide
lead logistical supervision and co-ordination of key regional meetings.
The works of Transparency
International is around and demand in population; enterprises and politics. In
order to arrange for example the annual corruption index of the countries
questionnaires provided with questions how; Which sector are according to their
opinion affected particularly by corruption? (with a valuation of 1 (corrupt
free) to 5 (particularly corrupt) as strongly their life is affected by
corruption? (with valuation scale 1 (not at all) totally).
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.What are the transparency international
and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria?
2. How one examine the
political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which
culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and
the second section considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in
Nigeria?
3. What are the latest
Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as
the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007?
4. What are the dimensions of
corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if
adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum,
and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015?
5. Is possible to identify the
inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian
since 2000-2010?
6. What are the effects of
transparency international and corrupt practices on Nigeria’s development?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESI
H0: There is no significant
relationship between transparency international and challenges of corrupt
practices in Nigeria.
H1: There is a significant
relationship between transparency international and challenges of corrupt
practices in Nigeria.
H0: One cannot examine the
political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which
culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and
the second section considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in
Nigeria.
H1: One can examine the
political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which
culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and
the second section considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in
Nigeria.
H0: There is no latest
Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as
the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
H1: There is a latest Transparency
International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most
corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
H0: There are no dimensions of
corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if
adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum,
and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.
H1: There are dimensions of
corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if
adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum,
and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.
H0: It is impossible to
identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt
practices in Nigerian since 2000-2010.
H1: It is impossible to
identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt
practices in Nigerian since 2000-2010.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY.
- A study of this nature will primarily create awareness to the school management on the effect of corruption and mismanagement on public expenditure in Nigeria.
- To provide basic information on the effect of corruption and mismanagement and the role of EFCC in combating it.
- To prevent and give guidelines to the corrective measures to be carried out.
- To arouse the workers and staffs towards efficient devotion of themselves to their mission.
- The study will also create awareness to the government on the evils of corruption and mismanagement and to look for necessary ways of combating the crime effectively.
- It also helps to assist management to improve and adopt strategies to reduce corruption and mismanagements in various institutions.
- The result of corruption and mismanagement is dangerous, deadly and cannot be over-emphasized.
- A study of this nature aim at erasing this “cancer” (Corruption and mismanagement) that runs in our veins, and call us order for the betterment of the mankind and for the upliftment of the -country in general.
- Teenagers and generations unborn will be very free from this contagious disease (B&C), if the government and the entire populace will mount an implementable strategies of effectively combating the crime.
- The workers would also find this work very beneficial, as they consult it whenever they need such related information.
1.7SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on
transparency international and the challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria
2000-2010
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Despite the limited scope of this
study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this
project. Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given
below:
i.
TIME: This was a major constraint on the
researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given
for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed
attention.
ii. FINANCE: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country
and it’s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research
materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial
obligations.
iii. INFORMATION
CONSTRAINTS: Nigerian researchers have never had
it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area
of study from private business organization and even government agencies. The
members of transparency international find it difficult to reveal their
internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face
interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one
library to other which was not easy.
Although these problems placed
limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from
carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Transparency international: Transparency international, briefly (TI), is a
non-governmental organsiation with seat, acting world-wide, in Berlin which
engages itself in national and international people and economical corruption
fight and raising the awareness of it. This includes, but not limited to
political corruption, it publishes yearly its corruption perception index, a
comparative listing of corruption worldwide.
Corruption is a social problem that
has interested many scholars. Ruzindana (1999) asserts that corruption in Africa
is a problem of routine deviation from established standards and norms by
public officials and parties with whom they interact. He also identifisd the
types of corruption in Africa as bribery, private gain, and other
benefits to non-existent workers and pensioners (called ghost workers).
Crime; Is simply defined as offence for which there is severe
punishment by law.
B &
C;
Corruption and mismanagement
WAIC
War Against Indiscipline &Corr
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